{"id":6218,"date":"2025-10-04T12:06:42","date_gmt":"2025-10-04T06:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ksrini.life\/29035f-co-nz\/journal\/?p=6218"},"modified":"2025-10-04T12:06:42","modified_gmt":"2025-10-04T06:36:42","slug":"a-week-with-the-purusharthas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ksrini.life\/29035f-co-nz\/journal\/a-week-with-the-purusharthas\/6218\/","title":{"rendered":"A Week With The Purusharthas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The\u00a0<em>Purusharthas,\u00a0<\/em>namely\u00a0<em>dharma, artha, kama and moksha,<\/em>\u00a0have been a central aspect of the Dharmic worldview, guiding the everyday life of millions and ensuring a balanced and harmonious fulfillment of all human pursuits. The\u00a0<em>Purusharthas<\/em>\u00a0give us sight of what to live for. Taken together, they give a clear vision of the sacred unity of all endeavors, elevating our pursuits from mere survival to a means of self-refinement. The\u00a0<em>Purusharthas<\/em>\u00a0were considered so important that texts would begin by stating which of the purusharthas they aim to fulfill. For example, Ramayana says \u201c<em>kamartha-guna-samyuktam dharmarthaguna-vistaram<\/em>\u201d meaning \u201cit deals with the worth of kama and artha and treats in extension of dharma and moksa.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In recent decades, maybe even centuries, the harmonious balance of purusharthas seems to be muddled in certain sections of India. Take for instance\u00a0<em>kama<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 there is a schizophrenic approach of either puritanical horror or the recent idea of\u00a0<em>kama\u00a0<\/em>as celebration of pure licentiousness. Similarly,\u00a0<em>artha<\/em>\u00a0comes under much flak by narrowing its focus to mean only money and considering it to be the source of evil and decadence.<\/p>\n<p>To clear the mists surrounding the\u00a0<em>Dharmic vision\u00a0<\/em>of purusharthas and gain a personal understanding it becomes invaluable to study what\u00a0<em>shastras<\/em>\u00a0have to say, in the manner that they are meant to be studied. But there is much hesitation and difficulty because the\u00a0<em>Shastras<\/em>\u00a0are either maligned or revered but not usually read.<\/p>\n<p>In this context, the week-long workshop titled\u00a0<em>Purusharthas: Unity or Dissonance\u00a0<\/em>by Dr Bharat Gupt came as a breath of fresh air. For seven days, amidst the stunning hills in the tastefully maintained Sri Aurobindo Ashram at Ramgarh, participants got the opportunity to immerse ourselves in the key\u00a0<em>shastras<\/em>\u00a0for\u00a0<em>Dharma, Artha and Kama<\/em>. The texts chosen were the much reviled\u00a0<em>Manusmriti<\/em>\u00a0for\u00a0<em>Dharmashastra<\/em>, the much eroticized<em>\u00a0Kamasutra<\/em>\u00a0of Vatsyayana for<em>\u00a0Kamashastra<\/em> and the Arthashastra of Kautilya. The focus was to critically study them for what they are, on their own terms.<\/p>\n<h3>What is a Shastra?<\/h3>\n<p>The first session began by setting a context of what is a Shastra and how is it to be studied.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Gupt gave the definition of Shastra as:\u00a0<em>Shastram iti shasanopayam\u00a0<\/em>\u2013 a\u00a0<em>Shastra<\/em>\u00a0is an instrument to create order within an area of human concern. A\u00a0<em>Shastra<\/em>\u00a0defines what success is, how to measure the same and how one can succeed that field. Every\u00a0<em>Shastra<\/em>\u00a0is written with a\u00a0<em>prayojana<\/em>\u00a0(purpose) in mind, for a\u00a0<em>kala<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>vidhya<\/em>. It investigates a continuous process of achievement in its chosen field. They are written for the practitioner with the purpose of making\u00a0<em>prayoga<\/em>\u00a0(practice) reliable.<em>\u00a0Shastras<\/em>\u00a0usually do not prescribe things; in most cases they are descriptive. They don\u2019t stand for all ages. They need to be adapted and rewritten.<\/p>\n<p>A text is not to be pillaged by barging in and taking some ideas. They must be read on their own terms. Abhinavagupta says that study of a\u00a0<em>Shastra<\/em>\u00a0has to be done by identifying the correct reading, reconciling apparent contradictions, understanding the ideal vision the\u00a0<em>Shastra<\/em>\u00a0describes, studying the contemporary practice etc.<\/p>\n<h3>Interplay of Shastra and Lived Experience<\/h3>\n<p>In every\u00a0<em>Shastra<\/em>, there is scope for change with time. For example\u00a0<em>Manusmriti<\/em>\u00a0speaks of practices that were acceptable once but no longer acceptable e.g.,\u00a0<em>Niyog<\/em>. Further,\u00a0<em>shastras<\/em>\u00a0change with place and people. Manu for instance recognizes different behaviors in different places and among different groups. He does not prescribe full uniformity. There is a clear plurality of vision underlying the\u00a0<em>shastras<\/em>. The media of\u00a0<em>Natya<\/em>\u00a0(theatre and dance) and the continuous re-narration of the\u00a0<em>ithihasa<\/em>\u00a0<em>purnanas<\/em>\u00a0ensured that the\u00a0<em>shastric<\/em>\u00a0vision spread among the whole of\u00a0<em>Bharata<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Lokachara<\/em>, local practice, was recognized by\u00a0<em>shastras<\/em>. There was a mutual influence between\u00a0<em>shastras\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>lokachara\u00a0<\/em>with\u00a0<em>shastras<\/em>\u00a0influencing everyday lives of people and people impacting the\u00a0<em>shastras<\/em>\u00a0by lived experience.<\/p>\n<h3>The Dharmashastra of Manu<\/h3>\n<p><em>Manusmriti<\/em>\u00a0has been a seminal text in ancient India and has influenced the whole of Southeast Asia.\u00a0<em>Manusmriti<\/em>\u00a0vision is\u00a0<em>acharasya pradhanyam<\/em>\u2013 a cosmic order where each being has its particular conduct in maintaining stability. This\u00a0<em>achara<\/em>\u00a0or conduct differs according to person, context, place and time. A fascinating thing about\u00a0<em>Manusmriti<\/em>\u00a0is that it never admits the possibility of a complete breakdown of dharma. Even in times of crisis, a looser\u00a0<em>apat dharma<\/em>\u00a0exists. There is no space for a Hobbesian chaos, a war of all against all.<\/p>\n<p>Varna and Ashrama<br \/>\nThe social vision of\u00a0<em>Manusmriti<\/em>\u00a0is based on\u00a0<em>Varnasharama dharma<\/em>, the order of the four\u00a0<em>Varnas<\/em>\u2013\u00a0<em>Brahmana<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Kshatriya<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Vaishya<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Shudra\u00a0<\/em>and the four\u00a0<em>Ashramas \u2013 Brahmacharya<\/em>,<em>\u00a0Grihasta<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Vanaprashtha<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Sanyasa<\/em>. It was a dynamic system with mobility of\u00a0<em>jatis<\/em>\u00a0along the\u00a0<em>varnas<\/em>. Among the four\u00a0<em>ashramas<\/em>, it is only the\u00a0<em>Grihasta<\/em>\u00a0who was a productive member of society on whom the other three depended. The\u00a0<em>Brahmacharya<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Vanaprastha<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Sanyasa<\/em>\u00a0were non-earning phases where one pursued some form of knowledge or meaning. The\u00a0<em>Vanaprasthin<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Sanyasin<\/em>\u00a0contributed in terms of teaching and guidance. Dr Bharat Gupt contrasted this with the modern social order where a student has to take a student loan and the elderly must depend on the state for sustenance.\u00a0<em>Varnashrama Dharma<\/em>\u00a0according to Dr Gupt, was accepted by the\u00a0<em>Buddhists\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>Jains<\/em>\u00a0as well. The differences between schools were at a philosophical level, but every day\u00a0<em>achara<\/em>\u00a0was guided by\u00a0<em>Varnasharama Dharma<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Ritual, the Arts and Transformation of Consciousness<\/h3>\n<p>A key aspect that the\u00a0<em>Manusmriti\u00a0<\/em>deals with is\u00a0<em>samskaras<\/em>, rituals to recognize and enable key transition from one stage to another in life. Dr Bharat Gupt made a scathing critique of those who denigrated rituals explaining how nearly every ancient society honored them. The Indian ritual is based on the\u00a0<em>Vedic yagna<\/em>\u00a0which demands full involvement at the levels of\u00a0<em>Manasa<\/em>\u00a0(mind)<em>, Vacha<\/em>\u00a0(speech)<em>, and Karmana<\/em>\u00a0(body) to bring about a shift in consciousness. The mind would contemplate on the\u00a0<em>devata<\/em>, the mouth would utter corresponding mantras and there would be simultaneous performance actions. The\u00a0<em>Vedic<\/em>\u00a0vision is\u00a0<em>Isha Vasyam Idam Sarvam,<\/em>\u00a0of the Divine inherent in every particle of the cosmos. There is no unbridgeable gap between creation and creator, sacred and profane. There is only a difference in degree of consciousness. This is why Tulsidas, who was both an Advaitin and Rama Bhakta, clearly says Rama is simultaneously\u00a0<em>agun, nirgun\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>sagun<\/em>. It is this vision of\u00a0<em>yagna<\/em>, of aligning thought, word and action to bring about a transformation that gave rise to the extraordinary performing arts of India. Without\u00a0<em>sagunopasana<\/em>, Dr Bharat Gupt says, there would be no\u00a0<em>kala\u00a0<\/em>in India. Every art form was\u00a0<em>upasana<\/em>, a\u00a0<em>sadhana<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0<em>rasa<\/em>, to bring about a shift in consciousness of the performer and listener and manifest Divinity on the sacred stage.<\/p>\n<p>Manusmriti did not see\u00a0<em>Varnasharama Dharma<\/em>\u00a0as an end in itself. The purpose was to enable the\u00a0<em>purusharthas\u00a0<\/em>of\u00a0<em>Dharma, Artha\u00a0<\/em>and<em>\u00a0Kama,<\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0<em>moksha\u00a0<\/em>being implicit. The social order had no notion of rights. It was instead animated by the idea of\u00a0<em>adhikara<\/em>, based on\u00a0<em>swadharma<\/em>\u00a0and what one contributed to society.<\/p>\n<h3>Different Worlds, Different Sensibilities<\/h3>\n<p>It is important to understand how much our worldview is shaped by the Industrial Revolution. Pre-industrial societies had entirely different mechanisms of administration, distribution of wealth and consumption. They were based on a different set of aims in life. A quick glimpse of this contrast is seen when we glance at the values embedded in our constitution- freedom, liberty, equality, fraternity etc. There is no equivalent of the\u00a0<em>purusharthic\u00a0<\/em>vision. Ancient India was a non-consumptive society based on the notions of responsibility and sharing.<\/p>\n<p>A societal vision must be understood in its own terms without imposing our modern sensibilities upon it. It must be seen as a self-contained system. When we do this with sincerity, without being a modernist or a hagiographer of classical India, we gain access to a different vision and way of life, an alternative understanding. This allows us to step outside our everyday \u2018common-sense\u2019 and see our values and ways of life from a completely different perspective. Our understanding and living will become richer from this depth of perception and the resultant synthesis.<\/p>\n<h3>The Kamasutra of Vatsyayana<\/h3>\n<p>The second part of the workshop focused on\u00a0<em>Kama<\/em>.\u00a0<em>Kama\u00a0<\/em>was not seen as a solitary pursuit in itself but a part of a totality. Vatsyayana\u2019s\u00a0<em>Kamasutra<\/em>\u00a0begins with the benediction\u00a0<em>dharmarthakamebhyo namaha-\u00a0<\/em>I bow down to the\u00a0<em>purusharthas<\/em>\u00a0<em>dharma<\/em>,\u00a0<em>artha<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>kama\u00a0<\/em>(in that order). Vatsyayana defines\u00a0<em>kama<\/em>\u00a0as a\u00a0<em>pravritti<\/em>\u2013 an outgoing of the five senses, the mind, the instruments of action (<em>karmendriyas)<\/em>\u00a0and active enjoyment through these. Neither mere sensory titillation nor pure Platonic love qualify as\u00a0<em>Kama<\/em>\u00a0by this definition. Dr Bharat Gupt clearly explained how\u00a0<em>kama<\/em>\u00a0had a beautiful place in the Indian tradition. It was seen as natural, social and desirable. The\u00a0<em>Kamasutra<\/em>\u00a0commentary\u00a0<em>Jayamangala<\/em>\u00a0marshals arguments from the\u00a0<em>Vedas<\/em>\u00a0to justify how the pursuit of<em>\u00a0Kama<\/em>\u00a0is in line with the Vedic vision.<\/p>\n<p>There is a clear justification of why humans need<em>\u00a0kamashastra.<\/em>\u00a0The commentator argues that humans, unlike animals, have social structures, mental complexes and psychological backgrounds. Further, humans have been ruined by excessive desire like Keechaka in the\u00a0<em>Mahabharata<\/em>. Therefore there is a need for\u00a0<em>kamashastra<\/em>. The author clearly recommends that\u00a0<em>kamashastra<\/em>\u00a0should be taught to both men and women.<\/p>\n<p><em>Kamasutra<\/em>\u00a0primarily deals with the life of a\u00a0<em>Nagarika,\u00a0<\/em>a citizen of taste, of arts, who knows how to conduct himself\/herself. The\u00a0<em>Nagarika<\/em>\u00a0resides in a\u00a0<em>Nagara<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>polis,<\/em>\u00a0where a cultured life is considered possible. The themes in the\u00a0<em>Kamasutra<\/em>\u00a0include who is a\u00a0<em>nagarika<\/em>, who would help the lover approach his\/her love, how to find a suitable girl to marry, how are men and women to behave with each other, how to get introductions to suitable men\/women, how to approach married men\/women, the life of a courtesan and the famous sections on postures and aphrodisiacs.<\/p>\n<h3>Life at the Courtesan House<\/h3>\n<p>Shocking to our current sensibilities is the idea that matrimony and sexuality are not coterminous.<em>Veshmagriha<\/em>s or courtesan houses were a key and respectable part of urban life. There were different classes of courtesans, with many among them being extremely cultured and educated in literature, poetry, music and the performing arts. The\u00a0<em>Veshmagrihas<\/em>\u00a0were seen as centers of culture and taste and courtesans became the muse of many a\u00a0<em>nagarika<\/em>. The institution was formally recognized by the state and had a dedicated minister to oversee their functioning. The state collected taxes and took responsibility for providing healthcare to courtesans. The courtesan-house as an institution is hard for the modern sensibility to digest; we tend to equate it with modern forms of prostitution and its assorted evils of kidnappings, extortion, non-legal recognition, poverty etc. The courtesans that\u00a0<em>Vatsyayana\u00a0<\/em>describes are sophisticated, wealthy, independent women who are highly skilled in music, poetry, the performing arts etc. They were the inspiration of poets and their homes were abodes of discussion on literature and culture. They enjoyed both legal and social recognition. This is moral and social universe quite different from that of today.<\/p>\n<h3>How is a\u00a0<em>nagarika<\/em>\u00a0to live?<\/h3>\n<p>To live the life of a\u00a0<em>nagarika,<\/em>\u00a0one must have sufficient financial means, either through business or inheritance, and independence to spend money to one\u2019s taste. Clearly the majority of the\u00a0<em>Nagariks<\/em>\u00a0spoken of seem to be\u00a0<em>Vaishyas<\/em>. An ideal\u00a0<em>Nagarika\u00a0<\/em>home must have an open courtyard, an outer hall and inner hall. Vatsyayana says that the outer hall can have large perfumed beds with pillows at the head and feet, covered in white sheets with mosquito nets. Nearby can be a side table with exquisite perfumes, ivory tusks on the wall on which harps are hung, easels for painting, a bookshelf, garlands, a chess board, birds and garden swings. Every day the\u00a0<em>Nagarik\u00a0<\/em>would get his body massaged and perfumed. The afternoon was for play while late afternoons are to be spent with friends. Evenings called for musical, literary or poetic gatherings, or theatre performances. Post that, the\u00a0<em>nagarik\u00a0<\/em>is to perfume himself and wait for his lover or better, go visit her. The\u00a0<em>nagarik\u00a0<\/em>was expected to sponsor\u00a0<em>melas\u00a0<\/em>(city level festivals) and patronize music, theatre and the performing arts.<\/p>\n<h3>The\u00a0<em>Arthashastra<\/em>\u00a0of Kautilya<\/h3>\n<p>The nuanced discussions on\u00a0<em>Dharma\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>Kama<\/em>\u00a0left us with only a day for\u00a0<em>Artha.<\/em>\u00a0Dr Bharat Gupt characterized the\u00a0<em>Arthashastra<\/em>\u00a0as dealing with more than just management of wealth. It is a treatise on Political Economy, with a focus on various systems in the polity. It deals with systems of wealth generation, information, law enforcement, taxation, ethical systems that held society together etc. Interestingly, both\u00a0<em>Manusmriti\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0<em>Arthashastra<\/em>\u00a0do not speak of a uniform social, legal or taxation code for all classes. These were customized for each class based on the social function they served. For example, the tax slabs on the\u00a0<em>Vaishyas<\/em>\u00a0was the highest, whereas transgenders, artisans and scholars of the\u00a0<em>Veda<\/em>\u00a0were tax-exempt. The king was neither the law giver nor the dispenser of justice. There were specialized classes who performed both these functions. With this discussion on\u00a0<em>Artha,<\/em>\u00a0the workshop came to an end.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The\u00a0Purusharthas,\u00a0namely\u00a0dharma, artha, kama and moksha,\u00a0have been a central aspect of the Dharmic worldview, guiding the everyday life of millions and ensuring a balanced and harmonious fulfillment of all human pursuits. The\u00a0Purusharthas\u00a0give us sight of what to live for. Taken together, they give a clear vision of the sacred unity of all endeavors, elevating our pursuits<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6219,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[316],"tags":[607],"class_list":["post-6218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-posters-bytes","tag-purshartha","enable-dropcap","disable-2-columns"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Week With The Purusharthas - 29035f Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ksrini.life\/29035f-co-nz\/journal\/a-week-with-the-purusharthas\/6218\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Week With The Purusharthas - 29035f Journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The\u00a0Purusharthas,\u00a0namely\u00a0dharma, artha, kama and moksha,\u00a0have been a central aspect of the Dharmic worldview, guiding the everyday life of millions and ensuring a balanced and harmonious fulfillment of all human pursuits. 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